Contents
PYQ=Previous year question
- Definition and Types of Handicap
- Relation between Impairment, disability, handicap
- Diagnosis of disability
- Disability and functional evaluation
- Primary and secondary Disability
- Goals of rehab
Impairment, Disability, and Handicap:
Impairment:
- Any loss or abnormality of psychological or anatomical structure or function.
- Examples:
- Loss of finger
- Loss of conduction of impulse in the heart
- Loss of certain chemicals in the brain leads to Parkinson's.
Disability:
- Any restriction or inability to perform activity within a normal range for a human being, resulting from impairment.
- Example:
- Difficulty walking after lower limb amputation.
Handicap:
- A disadvantage for an individual in their social context, resulting from impairment or disability that limits or prevents fulfilling a normal role.
- Example:
- Difficulty with social integration or economic self-sufficiency.
Types of Handicaps:
- Locomotor Handicap
- Visual Handicap
- Hearing and Speech Handicap
- Cardiopulmonary Handicap
- Intellectual Handicap
- Emotional Handicap
Relationship between Impairment, Disability, and Handicap:
- Impairment: Manifestation of a problem at the tissue or organ level.
- Disability: Individual-level inability, such as not being able to walk or carry out additional activities.
- Handicap: Social-level translation of the problem, relating disability to a person's role in society and economic challenges.
Example:
- In polio, impairments include muscle weakness and joint ankylosis.
- Disability manifests as the inability to walk or carry out additional activities.
- Handicap relates this disability to the person's role in society and economic challenges.
Diagnosis of Disability:
- Physical evaluation
- Psychological evaluation
- Emotional evaluation
- Social evaluation
- Vocational evaluation
Methods of Diagnosis:
- Disability Evaluation:
- Rates patient's inability to perform substantial gainful activity compared to pre-disease capability.
- Calculated through Physical, Orthopedic, Psychiatric, and Neurological examinations.
- Functional Diagnosis:
- Objectively uses measurable factors for reliable results.
- Descriptive: Reflects the actual situation accurately.
- Simplicity: Ensures rapid evaluation.
- Reproducibility: Maintains consistency.
- Comprehensive Evaluation: Ensures a complete diagnosis, especially useful in direct patient care and epidemiological investigations.
Types of Disability:
- Primary Disability:
- Consequences of diseases or conditions.
- Example: Hemiplegia following spinal cord injury leading to work inability.
- Secondary Disability:
- Develop subsequently and didn't exist at the onset of the primary disability.
- Example: Pressure sores in paraplegia.
Goals of Rehabilitation:
- Orientation:
- Head injury or cerebral palsy may hinder orientation to surroundings, affecting daily activities like feeding and toileting.
- Physical Independence:
- Handicapped individuals aim to reduce dependency on caregivers.
- Mobility:
- Conditions like Poliomyelitis and paraplegia severely hinder mobility, making even simple tasks like moving around the house challenging.
- Occupational Integration:
- Training and placement in suitable jobs.
- Social Integration:
- Efforts to integrate handicapped individuals into society rather than isolating them.
- Economic Self-Sufficiency:
- Empowering handicapped individuals to support themselves financially.
Exam point of view
1. (10 marks-2020 CBR )
a. Describe the principles of disability evaluation.
b How is the evaluation used to help a person with a disability
Ans:- Principles of Disability Evaluation
Understanding the Principles
- Disability evaluation involves assessing an individual's functional limitations and participation restrictions due to impairment or health condition.
- Source: World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines on disability assessment.
Key Principles
- Biopsychosocial Approach:
- Consideration of biological, psychological, and social factors influencing disability.
- Evaluation should not solely focus on medical aspects but also encompass psychosocial and environmental factors.
- Source: "Biopsychosocial Medicine: An Integrated Approach to Understanding Illness" by Peter White et al.
- Holistic Assessment:
- A comprehensive evaluation of all relevant domains of functioning.
- Includes physical, cognitive, emotional, and social aspects.
- Source: "Physical Rehabilitation" by Susan B. O'Sullivan et al.
- Functional Perspective:
- Emphasis on the impact of disability on an individual's ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs) and participate in societal roles.
- Focus on functional abilities rather than solely on impairment.
- Source: "Functional Performance in Older Adults" by Bette R. Bonder et al.
- Standardization and Objectivity:
- Utilization of standardized assessment tools and protocols.
- Ensures consistency and objectivity in evaluation procedures.
- Source: "Measurement of Joint Motion: A Guide to Goniometry" by Cynthia C. Norkin et al.
- Patient-Centered Approach:
- Involvement of the individual with a disability in the evaluation process.
- Collaboration with the patient to identify goals and preferences.
- Source: "Patient-Centered Medicine: Transforming the Clinical Method" by Moira Stewart et al.
How Evaluation Aids Individuals with Disabilities
Application of Evaluation Results
- Tailored Interventions:
- Based on evaluation findings, personalized rehabilitation plans are developed.
- Interventions target specific functional limitations identified during the evaluation.
- Source: "Physical Rehabilitation" by Susan B. O'Sullivan et al.
- Goal Setting and Monitoring:
- Evaluation results guide the establishment of realistic goals.
- Progress is monitored through periodic reassessment.
- Source: "Occupational Therapy in Mental Health: A Vision for Participation" by Catana Brown et al.
- Resource Allocation:
- Evaluation assists in determining the need for assistive devices, environmental modifications, and support services.
- Ensures optimal allocation of resources to maximize independence and participation.
- Source: "Assistive Technologies: Principles and Practice" by Albert M. Cook et al.
- Advocacy and Social Support:
- Evaluation outcomes can advocate for the rights and needs of individuals with disabilities.
- Results may inform eligibility for social support programs and disability benefits.
- Source: "Disability Studies: Enabling the Humanities" by Sharon L. Snyder et al.
- Enhanced Quality of Life:
- By addressing functional limitations and participation restrictions, evaluation contributes to improving overall quality of life.
- Empower individuals with disabilities to actively engage in meaningful activities and roles.
- Source: "Quality of Life in Mental Disorders" by Wolfgang Gaebel et al.
